The Times of India
The term Intersectionality was coined by Kimberly Crenshaw in 1989 in The United States of America.
This project explores intersectionality through a speculative design lens, imagining how Kimberly Crenshaw's framework might shift if her identity were rooted in Indian society. By transforming Crenshaw into Kadambari Chakarabarti, a Dalit lawyer and advocate, the focus of discrimination shifts from race and gender to caste and gender. The recontextualisation highlights how social hierarchies differ across cultures, yet the compounded oppression faced by marginalised identities persists.
This speculative narrative bridges global conversations about
intersectionality and provokes reflection on how frameworks for
justice can evolve across diverse sociopolitical landscapes.
Understanding the workings of a newspaper
The idea is to create a newspaper based on speculative content of how Intersectionality would change if the person because of who it’s coined today was born in India and how could I possibly research and design to cater to the topic.
Deciding the concept of mixing three languages - English, Hindi and Malayalam. Based on my cultural heritage and personal experience of feeling like an outsider even though I am a trilingual person. Bringing in these three language into a newspaper read by everyone, puts the person who doesn’t know how to read or write any one of the language - right in the centre of Intersectionality. Essentially creating a product through graphics that can through a speculative lens, visually represent Intersectionality.
A paper that I wrote on what Critical Caste Theory, loosely based on the Critical Race Theory is the basis of this project. The topics to choose, research and add into the newspaper are caste, class and gender. Since, a newspaper has many information other than Current affairs and Political Issues, adding small Government notices, Times Tribute - Obituaries, Missing people notices, comics and advertisements makes it more authentic.
I realised around this stage that I had dug myself a hole with the topic, method and outcome I was gong for. I knew that there would have to be heaps of reading, speculating and changing scenarios to make a newspaper. As miserable as I was, checking for Plagiarism, the newspaper was fun to make and the extensive reading does put me in a better place from where I started.
The Emblem logo & Front Page
Existing logo in 1989 & present
New logo
Important elements to add into new logo
- Elephants
- Lotus
- Quote - Let truth prevail
I aimed to design a fresh logo because, despite embodying the fundamental concept of a newspaper, the content delves into speculation and departs from the tangible world. Therefore, it made sense to generate scenarios and ideas aligned with a novel logo.
Front Page
Adding
- The Header with new designed logo
- Number of pages
- Price of the newspaper
- Private company that sources the newspaper
- When did the circulation of this newspaper start?
- Name of the city for distribution
- Day / Date / Year
- Stamps of the year 1989
Front Page
A Dalit Feminist Critique
Positioned the article, as a journalist referring to Kadambari Chakrabarti, to when she published the ‘Critical Caste Theory’ paper.
The writer explores the intersectionality of discrimination faced by Dalit women, emphasising the need to analyse how their narratives are framed in courts. The analogy of an intersection is used to illustrate the complexity of discrimination, which can manifest in various directions, akin to traffic. The discussion highlights challenges in recognising lower-class women as a distinct class for intersectional relief in judicial decisions. The comparison to a doctor treating an accident victim based on insurance acknowledgment emphasises the limitations in legal remedies tied to specific categories like caste or sex. The analogy extends to the difficulty in reconstructing accidents, suggesting that discrimination against Dalit women is multifaceted, involving both caste and sex, and sometimes experienced uniquely as Dalit women and lower-class women.
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Act
A new act has been enacted in India to prevent atrocities against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, aiming to address discrimination and violence faced by these marginalized communities. The legislation establishes Special Courts dedicated to trying offences against these groups and outlines provisions for the relief and rehabilitation of victims. Key provisions include criminalising actions such as refusal based on caste, forcing voting behaviour, promoting hatred, sexual offences, environmental crimes, denial of rights, and social boycott. The Act imposes imprisonment and fines for offences, and the government is tasked with ensuring effective implementation through legal aid, witness support, rehabilitation, and prosecution supervision. Periodic surveys will assess the Act's effectiveness, identifying areas for targeted safety measures for these communities.
Female-run newspaper
This inclusion was made as a creative choice, emphasizing its significance within the context of Intersectionality and Dalit women.
"Writing With Fire" is a critically acclaimed documentary by filmmakers Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh, highlighting the journey of Khabar Lahariya, the first all-female, Dalit-operated newspaper in India. The film focuses on the lives of Dalit women journalists in Uttar Pradesh, a region known for crimes against women, as they use mobile phones to document community needs and challenge those in power. Chief reporter Meera Devi leads the team, breaking stereotypes and confronting officials about issues often overlooked by mainstream media. The documentary serves as a powerful portrayal of Dalit women's resilience, challenging stereotypes and reshaping the narrative in Indian media.
Are Female Leaders Good for Education?
Indian legislators actively manage local concerns, having ability to give funding to the district's institutional office, which affects both their constituents and the district as a whole. The difficulty is establishing empirically the underlying effect of female legislators on individual educational achievement while accounting for the influence of omitted factors. To solve this, the proportion of seats gained by female candidates is substituted with the proportion of seats won in tight elections versus male candidates, which is thought to be essentially random. Controlling for close elections involving both genders, the study finds that greater female political representation significantly correlates with higher primary educational attainment, increased school attendance, reduced dropouts, and improved presence of primary schools in urban areas, especially in areas with a greater urban population.
Political Gender Gap and the Decline in Marriage
Over the last three decades, a discernible political gender gap has emerged in the United States, with a higher proportion of women leaning towards the Democratic party. The trend is attributed to the decline in marriage, leading to increased wealth for men and decreased wealth for women. The claim is supported by data, that indicates a positive association between rates of divorce and the political gender disparity. Divorce rates increase Democratic support among males but not among women. Longitudinal statistics show that women are less (more) likely to be in favour of the Democratic Party after marriage (divorce).
Times City
Murderers of Indira Gandhi
The execution of Satwant Singh and Kehar Singh, who were found guilty in the murder of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, completed an extended and controversial case in the last two weeks. Kehar Singh's involvement in the conspiracy was controversial, with some considering the evidence inconclusive. The emotional morning of the execution saw mourning families, slogans, and a mix of grief and anger. Legal history unfolded during arguments about pardon provisions, ultimately leading to the execution despite efforts to appeal. The convicts, during their solitary confinement, had special privileges in meals, which underwent strict checks to prevent poisoning. The execution marked the end of a challenging period for Tihar Jail.
Kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed
Rubaiya Sayeed, the child of Indian Home Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, was abducted by Kashmiri separatist militants in 1989, shook the political scene of Jammu and Kashmir. Affiliated with the JKLF, the militants demanded the release of five imprisoned members in exchange for Rubaiya. The Indian government, led by V. P. Singh, yielded to the demands, resulting in heightened militancy in the region. Yasin Malik, a JKLF leader, was identified by Rubaiya as one of her kidnappers. The aftermath influenced the course of Kashmir's history, with ongoing legal proceedings against Yasin Malik for his role in the abduction and militant release. The incident is considered a watershed moment in the Kashmir insurgency, impacting the region's complex political dynamics.
Agni, Ballistic Missile
The Agni missile system, integral to India's defense strategy, comprises technologically advanced and nuclear-capable ballistic missiles ranging from medium to intercontinental distances. Originating from the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), the series began with the successful testing of Agni-I in 1989, leading to its recognition as a standalone program with significant funding. The technological evolution included a two-stage technology demonstrator, with the Agni-1 and Agni-2 emerging as prominent milestones. Agni-I, a rail and road mobile missile, can carry conventional or nuclear payloads over 700–900 km, showcasing versatility, cost-effectiveness, and strategic significance. Agni-I, with special weapons, can extend its reach to 1,200 km, distinguishing it from Agni-II in terms of cost-effectiveness, simplicity, accuracy, and mobility. This multifaceted missile system continues to shape India's defense capabilities with a blend of technological prowess and strategic foresight.
Safdar is finally heard
Safdar, associated with the Jan Natya Manch (Janam) theatre group, was fatally attacked during the staging of "Halla Bol," a play highlighting government suppression of workers amid a municipal council election campaign. Actively campaigning for a CPI(M)-endorsed candidate, Safdar's tragic death became legendary, given his family's ties to the Left. Born in 1954, he faced everyday challenges, cherished by his wife and mother. Despite controversies around a trust in his name, Safdar's life was a perfect blend of personal relationships and ideological commitments. His warm and outgoing personality distinguished him from the typical Party hack.
Monsoon brings Diseases
Heavy monsoon rains in New Delhi have led to extensive flooding in slum areas, resulting in over 100 fatalities and more than 8,000 hospitalisations due to waterborne diseases, including cholera. The crisis has revealed clogged drainage systems, overflowing public restrooms, and heaps of decaying garbage, all of which have contributed to the epidemic. The situation has eroded the initial relief felt after a period of abundant rainfall, and the government is facing political repercussions. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, upon returning from a foreign tour, has taken action to address the crisis, dispatching vaccines and pledging a comprehensive "action plan" to vaccinate 900,000 individuals and provide safe drinking water within 15 days. The inadequacy of public services in India's vast cities has been highlighted, with poor sanitation infrastructure exacerbating the challenges faced by the population.
Mass bombing in New Delhi
This morning, a bomb exploded near New Delhi railway station, killing at least seven and injuring dozens. Authorities suspect a suitcase concealed the explosives, with police implicating two Sikh groups. The bomb, using a quartz timer, damaged the floor significantly. Despite the morning rush hour being over, around 200 people were nearby. Train operations resumed in the afternoon with heightened security. The incident occurred amid increased security due to the Golden Temple attack's fifth anniversary. The ongoing turmoil in Punjab, governed directly by an appointee of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, is noted, expressing dissatisfaction with the government's handling of the aftermath of Indira Gandhi's assassination.
Air India's 1989 revamp
Sanjiv Kapoor, former CEO-designate of Jet Airways, reflected on the rebranding of Air India, owned by the Tata Group. He reminisced about the 1989 overhaul executed by Landor Associates, costing $35 million, which included a white fuselage, a 'golden sun' logo, and redesigns of various aspects. Kapoor expressed personal appeal despite the revamp's failure, highlighting its obscurity in historical archives. He acknowledged the negative overall reaction, leading to a reversal of changes after a short period. Kapoor shared these thoughts in a post on X (formerly Twitter), which recently underwent its own rebranding.
Flat Fraudsters
Delhi court issued an order that charges be filed against a man and a woman suspected of defrauding investors in 1989 through a bogus residential flat scam. The accused, Tejwant Singh and Surinder Kaur, gathered funds from buyers falsely claiming that construction had started. In 1988, the Delhi Police's Economic Offences Wing started a criminal case against them and Skipper Builders' directors, VK Saluja and HS Sarna. The housing fraud entailed collecting money from many investors, but the Greater Delhi Authority cancelled the property allotted to Skipper Builders in 1995 for non-payment of land cost, as per the prosecution.
J&K Pandit judge killed
Neelkanth Ganjoo, a Kashmiri high court judge, was assassinated on November 4, 1989. Known for presiding over the trial of JKLF founder Maqbool Bhat in the late 1960s, he sentenced Bhat to death in 1968 for the murder of police inspector Amar Chand. Bhat's execution in Tihar jail occurred in 1984 after the murder of diplomat Ravindra Mhatre by JKLF members in Britain. In the same year, militants targeted Ganjoo's residence with a bombing. Tragically, on November 4, 1989, three militants shot and killed Ganjoo in the Hari Singh Street market near the High Court in Srinagar.
Government notices
Referenced from present day newspapers
Missing people
Referenced from present day newspapers
Times Tribute
Deaths of Famous people in the year 1989
Times Entertainment
Dalit artist, Savindra Sawakar
Savindra Sawakar, a renowned dalit artist, skilfully explores themes of domination, discrimination, and gender through his expressive work. His art serves as a visual commentary on the intricate contradictions in historical and contemporary social landscapes, addressing religion, caste, gender, and politics. One of his iconic pieces, "Two Untouchables under the Black Sun," portrays two figures against a golden backdrop, symbolising untouchability. The piece goes beyond documenting oppression, embodying a Dalit imaginary that transcends time and societal boundaries, reflecting experiential realism and forceful expressionism. Sawakar's work aligns with Walter Benjamin's idea of seizing hold of a memory in moments of danger, presenting history and the contemporary landscape as expressions of the dalit imagination.
Piravi - Realities of the 1975 Emergency
Shaji N Karun's acclaimed film, Piravi, received the prestigious Camera d'Or-Mention d'honneur at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival for the finest debut feature films. Released in 1988, it depicts the harsh realities of the 1975 Emergency through the story of a family awaiting their son's return, inspired by the life of Professor TV Eachara Warrier. The film showcases the enchanting monsoons of Kerala with unparalleled finesse against the backdrop of mesmerising landscapes. At its core is the narrative of a Malayali father eagerly anticipating his son's return, offering a captivating glimpse into Kerala's bygone era and cultural highlights. The emotional portrayal of the father's plight, masterfully enacted by Premji, resonates deeply, capturing the universal theme of parents' sacrifices for their children's welfare.
Om Dar-B-Dar
"Om Dar-B-Dar," a postmodernist Hindi film from 1988 directed by Kamal Swaroop, explores the adventures of schoolboy Om and his family in Ajmer and Pushkar, Rajasthan. The film ridicules folklore, arts, politics, and philosophy through a fragmented narrative and absurdist plot. Despite getting the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film in 1989, it was only released as a video in India. The director characterised it as a tale of Lord Brahma, inspired by the observation that Brahma is not actively worshipped despite being considered the father of the universe. The film portrays Om's carefree adolescence and his family dynamics, blending comedy and thriller elements. The musical compositions, characterised by a sporadic and disjointed nature, playfully mock the established tradition of impromptu songs in Bollywood cinema.
Beedi-smoking bohemian who has a cool collection of mismatched clothing
In 1989, Doordarshan aired the film Annie, a laid-back English-language comedy depicting the struggles of architecture students in their final submissions. The movie, marked by its elusiveness, gained reputation over time. Annie resurfaced as Arundhati Roy's inaugural screenplay, Krishen's second film, an early appearance of Shah Rukh Khan on television, an authentic portrayal of Indian college life, and a rare success in English-language Indian cinema. Set before the Emergency at the National Institute of Architecture, the film captures hostel life, hygiene issues, and the nonchalant attitude of students. Radha, played by Roy, stands out with her bohemian character and unique clothing, reflecting the experiences of aspiring engineers and doctors nationwide. The film humorously observes the escapades and frustrations of Annie and his friends within the academic system.
A Cinematic Milestone in Bollywood Romance
"Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak," written by Mansoor Khan with Nasir Hussain's production, starred Aamir Khan and Juhi Chawla, and premiered on April 29, 1988, to tremendous critical and economic success. The film, a present-day adaptation of classic tragic romances, revamped the romantic musical genre in Bollywood and set a template for the 1990s. The soundtrack, composed by Anand–Milind, was a massive success, selling over 8 million albums and featuring the popular song "Papa Kehte Hain." It is considered one of the "Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films" by India Times Movies.
Salaam Bombay!
Mira Nair's 1988 film "Salaam Bombay!" is noted for its energy, vibrancy, and Dickensian storytelling hunger, and was inspired by journalistic investigation into Mumbai's slum kids with screenplay partner Sooni Taraporevala. The film's fierce sentimentality stands out as it withholds the resolution the audience might expect, depicting how street children struggle to envision a future beyond the streets, facing potential imprisonment or death.
Yellow Titles
In 1989, Indian movie posters exhibited a distinct trend featuring a pervasive use of yellow hues and blocky fonts for titles. This intentional design choice aimed to captivate attention, evoke enthusiasm, and convey a bold and assertive tone. The convergence of colour and typography across posters suggested a collective cinematic language, reflecting cultural and design preferences of the time and creating a unified visual identity that transcended individual film narratives.
Setting the base-work for future Comic-book based movies
The original Tim Burton Batman, released on June 23, featuring Michael Keaton playing Batman and Jack Nicholson take the role of the Joker, became the highest-grossing movie of 1989. The film, influenced by Alan Moore and Frank Miller's graphic novels, drew inspiration from The Killing Joke and The Dark Knight Returns. Batman unintentionally causes gangster Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, transforming him into the deranged Joker. The movie's success marked a pivotal moment, ushering in the era of comic-book blockbusters with its toys and tie-ins.
Indian Telugu-language musical-drama film
The film "Rudraveena" explores ideological clashes between renowned Carnatic musician 'Bilahari' Ganapathi Sastry and his son Suryanarayana "Suryam" Sastry. Suryam, advocating for societal welfare and challenging his father's discriminatory attitudes, eventually leaves. The narrative revolves around transformative events shaping Sastry's evolving perspectives. Initially, "Rudraveena" faced failure but later gained cult status, recognised as one of the best films by Balachander.
Summer Belonged to Five guys from Boston
The legendary boy band New Kids on the Block developed from Dorchester, Massachusetts, amid the 1980s music scene, founding in 1984 and gaining success in 1989. The group was formerly called Nynuk and consisted of Jonathan and Jordan Knight, McIntyre, Wahlberg, and Wood. Donnie Wahlberg's impressive rapping skills caught the attention of producer Maurice Starr, who reshaped the lineup to include Kelly, Knight, and Wood. Despite early challenges, extensive rehearsals shaped their talent, securing a recording contract with Columbia Records.
Times News
Rights Abuse Continues
Mainstream Indian newspapers highlight distressing human rights abuses against Dalits, the marginalised community, with incidents like fatal beatings, torture, public humiliation, and heinous acts of rape and murder. Dalits, or Untouchables, face severe discrimination, enduring constant humiliation, violence, and sexual assault. Nearly 90% of impoverished Indians and 95% of illiterate Indians are Dalits, emphasising socio-economic disparities. Shocking statistics reveal two assaults, three rapes, two murders, and two home burnings against Dalits every hour. Underreporting is common due to fear, police complicity, and a lack of confidence in law enforcement. The police, colluding with upper castes, engage in systemic abuses, with thousands of complaints filed and a low conviction rate, highlighting the challenges in securing justice for Dalit victims.
Discrimination in Healthcare
Dalits in India face pervasive discrimination in the healthcare system, leading to dire consequences. Instances of rejection, long waiting times, and neglect compromise their ability to receive proper medical care. Private facilities worsen the issue with assumptions about Dalits' financial capacity, resulting in treatment denial. Caste-based discrimination contributes to poor health outcomes and pushes Dalits into deep poverty, limiting access to essential services. Rampant corruption in the ostensibly free healthcare system poses financial barriers for Dalits. A mismatch in health facility locations and Dalit residence, along with a shortage of healthcare personnel in rural areas, exacerbates disparities. The low government healthcare expenditure further disproportionately affects Dalits, emphasising the urgent need for increased investment.
Is India holding women back?
Gender inequality in employment remains a concern in India despite economic growth and improved education access for girls. By the age of twenty-two, young women are 59% less inclined than men to obtain regular paying employment, with unpaid labour stress contributing to the inequities. Marital status, early marriages, and childhood responsibilities impact employment opportunities. Efforts to address early marriages and gendered expectations around domestic work are crucial. Socio-economic background intensifies challenges, highlighting the need for comprehensive interventions to empower young women and create an inclusive environment for equal job opportunities.
The political and criminal rivalries between Hindus and Muslims
The Bhagalpur, Bihar violence in 1989 erupted between Hindus and Muslims, lasting for two months and resulting in over 1,000 deaths, with about 900 victims being Muslims. The conflict escalated during Muharram and Bisheri Puja, fuelled by tensions related to the Ram Janmabhoomi campaign. False rumours of Muslim attacks on Hindu students triggered riots, and a procession chanting divisive slogans led by the police became a catalyst for further violence. The riots resulted in a significant loss of lives, displacement of around 50,000 people, and extensive damage to property, including houses, shops, and religious sites. Official figures reported 1,070 deaths, 524 injuries, and widespread destruction in the affected areas.
1989 Indian General Elections
In the 1989 general elections in India, held on November 22 and 26, a significant political shift occurred as the incumbent Indian National Congress government, led by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, faced public discontent and lost its mandate. Vishwanath Pratap Singh, leader of the Janata Dal and the National Front, emerged as a key player, and after the election results, he was invited to form the government. Sworn in on December 2, 1989, Singh became the seventh Prime Minister of India. The elections were triggered by various challenges faced by Rajiv's government, including the Bofors scandal and regional conflicts. Singh, a former member of Rajiv's Cabinet, played a crucial role in criticising the government, forming the Jan Morcha, and making a triumphant return to the Lok Sabha. The absence of polling in Assam and restructuring in Goa, Daman, and Diu were notable aspects of the elections, which signalled a departure from the status quo in Indian politics.
The Interplay of Media Revolution and Political Landscape
Since the early 1980s, India has witnessed two significant trends: a media revolution and the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in national elections. The media revolution, marked by increased newspaper penetration and the transformation of television into a mass medium, has had a profound impact on society and politics. Simultaneously, the BJP, with its vision of establishing India as a "Hindu state," has experienced a threefold surge in its vote share, eventually becoming the ruling party. The investigation of these seemingly unrelated occurrences begs the issue of whether there is any significant connection connecting the media revolution to the rise of the BJP. Scholars and industry leaders have delved into the transformative impact of the media revolution, with Arvind Rajagopal's work, "Politics after Television," addressing the challenge of bridging the gap between the media revolution and the political shifts of the 1990s. The investigation of these trajectories tries to comprehend the complex links between the media's revolution and the increase of BJP support.
Operation Black Thunder
In the late 1980s, India faced Sikh militancy centred around the Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab. Operation Black Thunder, conducted in two phases, aimed to eliminate pro-Khalistan Sikh militants using elite forces like 'Black Cat' commandos. The first operation on April 30, 1988, led by Kanwar Pal Singh Gill, saw the storming of the temple, capturing 200 militants but leading to political fractures. Operation Black Thunder II, from May 9 to 18, 1989, orchestrated by the Union Home Ministry, was successful in dealing a severe blow to the Sikh separatist movement. Notably, it allowed unprecedented media access, marking a departure from the secrecy of Operation Blue Star.
Myanmar–India earthquake
The 1988 Myanmar–India earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.3 or 7.5, struck the Sagaing Region of Myanmar, near the Indian border, causing casualties, injuries, and significant damage. The epicentre was in a remote area, impacting small settlements in Myanmar and reaching India, Bangladesh, and even the Soviet Union. The toll included at least five fatalities, 30 injuries, and 30 missing people. Bangladesh experienced seiches in the Jamuna River, resulting in a ferry boat capsizing. Landslides, fissures, and liquefaction occurred in India and Bangladesh, emphasising the region's vulnerability to seismic activity.
Nepal earthquake
The 1988 Nepal earthquake, with a magnitude of 6.9, struck near the Indian border, affecting northern Bihar. Occurring on August 21, it led to a minimum of 709 fatalities, injuries to thousands, and structural damage to around 50,000 buildings, including significant landmarks in Patna, Bihar. The earthquake unfolded in two episodes, lasting 10 and 15 seconds, leaving a lasting impact on the region.
Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
Numerous nations, including India, the United States, the European Union, and others, have declared the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) as a terrorist organisation.
A New Church?
In 1998, Reverend Paul D Dawson resigned from a senior executive position in a leading Indian insurance company to establish the Shadow of the Almighty Faith Tabernacle Church (SAFT Church). Alongside his wife, Pastor Priscilla Dawson, they focus on teaching individuals about faith and supernatural resources found in the Word of God, with the primary goal of empowering believers to experience the love of Christ. SAFT Church, a family church, emphasises preparing believers for eternity through comprehensive teachings and aims to equip them for a victorious and fulfilled life.
Rupan Deol Bajaj case
KPS Gill, the Punjab Director General of Police, was convicted of molestation in the Rupan Deol Bajaj case in 1989. The High Court of Punjab and Haryana upheld his conviction for insulting Rupan Deol Bajaj, an I.A.S. official who accused Gill of touching her behind during a party in 1988. Gill was deemed guilty under Sections 354 and 509, and the case garnered widespread media attention.
Grandmaster
In 1989, Viswanathan Anand won the Shakti Finance International chess tournament in Chennai to become India's first grandmaster. This achievement came after earlier successes, including becoming the youngest Indian to attain the International Master title at 15 and winning the World Junior Chess Championship in 1987. Anand's remarkable talent and accomplishments were recognised with the Padma Shri award at the age of 18.
Heist at Mumbai Jewellery Store
An burglary took place at the Mumbai Opera House's Jewellers, conducted by a person pretending to be Mon Singh or Mohan Singh. The impersonator conducted a fake recruitment drive for "Intelligence Officers Post" at least 26 applicants were chosen after being briefed on a 'mock raid.' On March 19, 1987, the impersonator, posing as a CBI officer, executed the raid, looting ₹3.75 lakh (US$4,700) in cash and jewellery valued at around ₹20 lakh (US$25,000). The audacious heist remains unsolved.
Times Nation
Early video games and Color TV-Game
Nintendo, formerly known as Nintendo Koppai when it was formed in 1889, began by producing handcrafted hanafuda playing cards. It became a public corporation after diversifying into several companies and introduced its first console, the Colour TV-Game, in 1977. Donkey Kong gained international acclaim in 1981, succeeded by the Nintendo Entertainment System as well as Super Mario Bros. in 1985. Renowned franchises include Mario, Zelda, Pokémon, and Animal Crossing. Nintendo has sold approximately 5.592 billion video games and 836 million electronic gadgets worldwide as of March 2023. With subsidiaries and business partners, Nintendo is a prominent and valuable company in the Japanese market, earning awards for its contributions to the gaming industry.
Internet service providers
The Internet, originally developed for government and university research, transitioned to public and commercial use by the late 1980s. Online service providers like CompuServe and AOL began offering limited Internet access, with broader availability post-1991 and the start of the World Wide Web. In 1989, the first Internet service providers (ISPs) offering direct public access emerged, initially providing dial-up connections. However, cable and telephone companies with wired connections offered faster broadband options, leading to their dominance and transforming the competitive ISP market into a monopoly or duopoly in commercial telecommunications markets.
Inauguration of George H. W. Bush
The appointment of George H. W. Bush as the 41st president took place on January 20, 1989, at the U.S. Capitol. This marked the beginning of his presidency and Dan Quayle's vice presidency. Bush was sworn in by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, becoming the first vice president to be elected as president after Martin Van Buren in 1837. Bush, a World War II veteran, recited his own prayer at the ceremony. The event set a Washington Metro single-day record, with over 600,000 trips.
Orchestrated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army
The Deal barracks bombing, carried out by the IRA on September 22, 1989, targeted the Royal Marine Depot in Deal, England. The blast at the Royal Marines School of Music killed 11 troops and injured another 21. The act of violence was a result of the IRA's attempt to break Northern Ireland away from the United Kingdom. The incident led to shock, condemnation, and a review of security procedures. A memorial bandstand at Walmer Green commemorates the victims, but no arrests or convictions have occurred in connection with the bombing.
15th G7 summit
The 15th G7 Summit, held in La Défense, Paris, from July 14 to 16, 1989, marked several milestones, including the debut of U.S. President George H. W. Bush. The summit brought together leaders from the Group of Seven (G7), focusing on global economic issues, trade, development problems, debt strategy, environmental concerns, and international cooperation against AIDS and drug-related issues.
STS-28
From August 8 to 13, 1989, STS-28, the 30th NASA Space Shuttle and the eighth flight took place. It marked Columbia's return to space after the Challenger disaster. The mission, dedicated to U.S. Department of Defense objectives, covered 3,400,000 km during 81 orbits. While specific details are classified, it is believed the payload involved deploying the first SDS-2 relay communications satellite. Columbia landed successfully at Edwards Air Force Base in California, bringing the mission to a close. The unique designation STS-28R was used to avoid confusion with the original STS-28 designator belonging to STS-51-J.
The 14th Dalai Lama
Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso is the 14th Dalai Lama, serves as the spiritual leader and Head of Tibet. He is recognised as a living Bodhisattva and is the divine leader of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. He was chosen as the 13th Dalai Lama's tulku in 1937, officially became the 14th Dalai Lama in 1939, and took political duties in Tibet during China's takeover in 1950. Seeking refuge in India after the 1959 Tibetan uprising, he established the Tibetan government in exile and advocated for the Middle Way Approach to peacefully address the Tibet issue with China. In 1989, he received the Nobel Peace Prize and was recognised by Time magazine as one of the "Children of Gandhi."
Jean-Paul Goude
The 1989 celebration continued the tradition of its predecessors, emphasising educational and symbolic goals. Activities included planting liberty trees, organising meetings, banquets, and transferring remains to the Pantheon. The commemoration calendar focused on 1789, with debates on topics like the revolution's true meaning, social rights proclaimed in 1793, and the role of violence during the Revolution.
First Australian woman to Fly Solo
Gaby Kennard, who was born in 1944, became the first-ever Australian woman to fly around the world. Kennard was influenced by her late father, a World War II fighter pilot, and began her globe voyage in 1989, following in the footsteps of aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart. She travelled 29,000 nautical miles in 99 days and was awarded the Harmon Trophy for her efforts. Kennard exploited her sudden popularity to collect donations for Australia's Royal Flying Doctor Service.
Fall of Communism
The 1989 Revolutions, often known as the Fall of Communism, were a revolutionary movement that resulted in the demise of Marxist-Leninist regimes throughout the Eastern Bloc and beyond. It contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, ending the Cold War and shaping the post-Cold War era. Starting in 1986 in Kazakhstan, protests spread across Central Europe, notably in Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Romania. The peaceful demise of communism in Poland, the removal of the Iron Curtain, following the fall of the Berlin Wall represented tremendous developments. Civil resistance played a crucial role, and Romania witnessed violence in overthrowing its regime. The Cold War ended formally in 1989, with the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991. The aftermath saw the emergence of new countries, reforms, and the abandonment of communism globally, with some exceptions in China, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. Old Eastern Bloc countries joined NATO and the EU, transforming Europe's political landscape. While some regions embraced social democracy, South America experienced a pink tide. However, conflicts and wars, including post-Soviet conflicts and the Yugoslav Wars, left enduring impacts.
Explaining Cold War
The Cold War, an arms race among the United States and the Soviet Union following World War II, was characterised by ideological, geopolitical, and proxy conflicts. The Western Bloc led by the U.S. clashed with the Eastern Bloc influenced by the Soviet Union. This era featured indirect struggles like the nuclear arms race, covert operations, and the Space Race. It impacted global politics, economies, and societies, with many nations becoming battlegrounds. The Cold War saw a turning point in 1989 with the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and the fall of symbolic barriers like the Berlin Wall.
Murder of Yusef Hawkins
In a tragic incident, Yusuf Hawkins and his friends walked into an orchestrated ambush in Bensonhurst, leading to Hawkins' murder. The attackers, fuelled by racial tensions, had awaited an opportunity to target black youths. Rumours about a party and a girl's history triggered the attack. Hawkins had no connection to the girl, dispelling the assailants' misguided beliefs. This marked the third killing of a black male by white mobs in 1980s NYC, sparking intense racial tensions.
Baltic states in the late 1980s
The Singing Revolution, spanning 1987 to 1991, under Soviet control, was a transformative time leading to the restoration of freedom in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Coined by Heinz Valk, the movement gained momentum with Alo Mattiisen's patriotic songs. The Baltic Way, a human chain from Tallinn to Vilnius on August 23, 1989, symbolised unity. Diverse protests and acts of defiance characterised the revolution, guided by groups like the Heritage Society, Popular Front, and National Independence Party. The movement culminated in the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration on November 16, 1988.
The Solidarity Movement in Poland
On November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, signalling the end of the Cold War and the victory of unity and freedom. It triggered a chain reaction, removing communism from Central and Eastern Europe, leading to the collapse of East Germany. The Malta Summit on December 3, 1989, officially declared the Cold War over, reshaping global politics and inspiring democratic aspirations. The events underscored the power of collective action, displaying the human spirit's tenacity and paving the way for a more interconnected global community.
Bus 405
On July 6, 1989, a devastating Palestinian suicide attack unfolded on No. 405 egged bus from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. Abd al-Hadi Rafa Ghanim, the assailant, survived after forcing the bus off a steep precipice near Kiryat Ye'arim, causing it to plunge into a ravine and catch fire. The sad catastrophe took the lives of 16 people, two Canadians alongside an American, and injured 27 others. Some passengers suffered the horrific fate of being burned alive. The aftermath inspired the founding of ZAKA, a volunteer rescue service organisation.
Times Editorial
The Theory of Discrimination
The theory of labor market discrimination is presented, focusing on abstracting productivity variations among worker groups. Practical considerations involve accounting for differences influenced by factors like education, family size, and historical attitudes. The theoretical model assumes two groups, Lower class and Upper class, acting as perfect substitutes. Discrimination occurs when economic agents negatively evaluate Lower class and positively value Upper class, willing and able to pay for this bias. Employers may sacrifice profits to reduce Lower class employment, while Upper class workers might accept lower wages in Upper class-dominated environments. Customer discrimination, though possible, is not explored here. Not all discriminatory sentiments impact the market, as entrepreneurs' aversions lack means to influence wage levels within the economic system.
Account of changing perspectives of caste relations
The article discusses the historical role of the caste system in India, highlighting its evolution from a ritual hierarchy and source of social discrimination to a tool for economic and political mobilisation. It explores various definitions of caste and its features, emphasising the enduring nature of endogamy. The connection between religious beliefs and social differentiation is compared between Indian and Western societies. The article suggests that despite predictions of the decline of caste in urban areas, it remains prevalent, especially in practices like caste-based matrimonial alliances. The shift from ritual hierarchy to identity politics is noted, highlighting the persistence of caste consciousness in urban India, as seen in protests against caste-based quotas. Finally, caste identification is used to mobilise individuals for both political and economic goals, showing a shift away from ceremonial hierarchy and towards mediated positions of power.
Gender Gap
The study examines taxi negotiations, where passengers signal their valuation by rejecting the first taxi before negotiating with a second one. Starting prices reveal a gender discrepancy in the first cab, but this gap disappears in the second taxi, showing statistical instead of taste-based discrimination. Men experience higher starting costs and rejection rates, but these disparities fade by the second cab. The study concludes that the observed differential treatment aligns with sophisticated statistical discrimination within the relevant market, addressing concerns about implicit taste-based discrimination influenced by market stress and time pressure.
Gender quotas, electoral laws, and the election of women
The representation of women in legislative bodies is crucial, as female legislators are much more inclined to stand up for women's rights and support pro-women legislation. Aside from policy considerations, the number of women in legislative bodies effects the political system's credibility. However, the limited representation of women globally restricts their effectiveness in fulfilling essential representative functions, compromising the overall capacity of legislatures to legitimize the political system.
Women and their Lives
23% of Indians perceive significant gender discrimination; 16% of women report personal experiences. Concerns about violence against women are widespread (75%). While 51% prioritise teaching boys respect, 26% blame women for violence. Despite challenges, 80% advocate equal rights; majority sees women as capable political leaders. Traditional views persist in economics (80% favour men in job scarcity). Christians (30%) most likely to perceive discrimination, but their reported incidents are lowest (9%). Financial difficulties double the likelihood of recent gender discrimination (22% vs. 11%).
The statistical theory of casteism and sexism
The article delves into the statistical theory of casteist and sexual discrimination in the labor market. Drawing from a non-Walrasian perspective of an inadequately functioning labor "market," it likens decision-making to a scenario of a traveler choosing between hotel dining and exploring other options in an unfamiliar town. Employers, seeking to maximise profit, may discriminate against class or gender minorities based on the belief that they are, on average, less qualified. This bias is exacerbated when information about individual applicants is costly, leading to the use of caste or gender as a proxy for relevant but un-assessed data. Discrimination may stem from past statistical experiences or sociological notions, creating a cycle of biased beliefs and perpetuating discriminatory hiring practices.
Indian society, marriage
Marriage in India is not just a personal union but a significant economic decision with far-reaching implications for child outcomes, human capital accumulation, and long-term economic development. In developing countries, especially where women predominantly work at home, marriage plays a crucial role in shaping a woman's economic future. In India, parental influence often takes precedence in arranging marriages based on economic considerations. Economic forces, including the demand for healthy women in the marriage market, impact investments in girls. Despite economic influences, traditional factors like caste continue to shape marriage outcomes, with a significant percentage opposing inter-caste marriages. Matrimonial advertisements are categorised by caste, reflecting deeply ingrained social preferences. While economic growth has diminished the role of caste in determining occupation, many individuals still opt for intra-caste marriages. The complex interplay between economic factors, traditional preferences, and evolving social dynamics in the realm of marriage is an ongoing subject of exploration and analysis in India.
Gender Bias in Parental Attitude
Policymakers in developing nations face the challenge of addressing discrimination against girls and women, influenced by deeply ingrained gender stratification and discriminatory beliefs. Previous studies, reliant on observational data, may not accurately represent parental preferences for boys or girls due to various factors. A high-stakes allocation task in rural Bangladesh allows researchers to control for confounders and scrutinise systematic biases among fathers and mothers. Gender bias can result from stereotypical perceptions shaped by socioeconomic factors, cultural norms, or religious teachings. Altruistic parents may prioritize a son's education over a daughter's based on beliefs about gender roles, perpetuated by patriarchal societies and religious teachings emphasising the greater value of boys.
Gender Wage Differential in Public and Private Sectors
A comprehensive study on both public and private sectors in India reveals significant gender-based inequalities, emphasising wage discrimination and occupational segmentation. Utilising decomposition techniques and data from various sources, the research highlights the prevalence of gender disparities, with occupational discrimination more pronounced than wage discrimination. Notably, the study identifies a widening gender wage gap in the public sector, attributed to public employment schemes unintentionally contributing to gender discrimination. Urging public policy interventions, the findings emphasise the need for political will to address gender-based disparities in land rights, education, resource allocation, and wage remuneration. The study underscores the imperative for concerted efforts to promote gender equality in both public and private sectors as gender wage gaps persist in India's evolving economy.
Do Gender Quotas Hurt Less Privileged Groups?
The underrepresentation of women in elected positions worldwide persists, and various identity factors like ethnicity and caste significantly influence political representation. To address this, many countries implement electoral quotas for women or underrepresented minority groups. However, the intersectionality literature suggests that women at the intersection of multiple disadvantaged identities may face compounded disadvantages. Despite this, the literature on electoral quotas often lacks a focus on the intersectionality aspect. Research indicates that quotas on one dimension can impact representation on the other, but there's limited exploration of the interaction between these dimensions. In Indian politics, the study of female-minority intersectionality shows non-negative effects on running for office after accounting for gender and caste.
Education and Gender
India has implemented extensive affirmative action, particularly targeting the "Scheduled Castes" (SC) and later the "Other Backward Classes" (OBC). The focus, especially on quotas in higher education, has sparked debate. Existing literature tends to analyze the impact on university students, neglecting the majority of SC who never enrol. The 2011 Census reveals lower literacy rates and educational attainment for the SC population compared to the general population. The gender disparity in the effects of affirmative action is highlighted, with educational advancements predominantly benefiting men. This pattern aligns with intersectionality literature, emphasising the need to address cumulative discrimination against humans at the crossroads of multiple marginalised groups, such as women from lower castes. The study calls for a broader examination of the impact of affirmative action policies on the entire targeted population.
Times Sports
Education and Gender
In the 1989 Women’s Hockey Asia Cup, India made their debut alongside China, Japan, Hong Kong, and South Korea. The tournament featured a round-robin format, and India, after winning against Hong Kong, lost their other three matches (against China, South Korea, and Japan). With two points in four matches, India finished the tournament, while China emerged victorious by winning all four of their matches.
Kunjarani Devi - World Weightlifting
In 1989, Kunjarani Devi made history by becoming the first Indian to win a medal at the World Weightlifting Championships. Competing in the 44 kg category in Manchester, she secured a silver medal with a total lift of 132.5kg (57.5kg in snatch and 75kg in clean and jerk). This achievement not only marked India's first-ever podium finish at the championships but also provided Kunjarani with personal validation and financial stability, earning her a job offer from the government.
Ball Tampering
During India's 1989 Test tour of Pakistan, wicketkeeper Kiran More reveals that ball-tampering was absolutely normal, with both teams engaging in scratching the ball to generate reverse swing. More mentions that neither side complained, and even players like Manoj Prabhakar learned the technique. Umpires had limited power to address it, and though discussions with captains took place, it didn't significantly impact the series. The debut series for Sachin Tendulkar and Waqar Younis ended in drawn Tests, with Sanjay Manjrekar and Shoaib Mohammad as top run-scorers and Wasim Akram and Manoj Prabhakar leading in wickets. Pakistan won the ensuing one-day international series 2-0.
Asian Athletics Championships - 21 Gold Medals
The 1989 Asian Athletics Championships organised at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in New Delhi featured a six-day competition with 40 events. China emerged as the dominant force, winning 21 out of 42 gold medals. India secured the runner-up position with eight gold medals and a total of 22 medals. Indian athlete P. T. Usha stood out, winning four gold medals and one silver in events like 200m, 400m, 400m hurdles, and 4x400m relay. China's Zhong Huandi and Shiny Abraham also showcased their prowess, making the championships a memorable display of athletic excellence.
Crowns Yasin Merchant as Champion
Yasin Merchant, India's second professional snooker player, triumphed in the ACBS Asian Snooker Championship, Asia's most renowned non-professional championship. Yasin's amazing exhibition of talent and commitment was observed at this tournament, sponsored by the Asian Confederation of Billiard Sports and created in 1984, marking an important milestone in his snooker career.
Karlsruhe, Germany 1989
Karlsruhe, Germany hosted the World Games 1989, a significant sporting event, with Schöneck serving as a crucial meeting place during preparations. The event's visual identity featured a unique logo incorporating the World Games emblem, three vividly coloured stripes (red, yellow, and blue), representing Karlsruhe's city colours and the World Games. However, an oversight in consistency within the organising committee led to the omission of the event logo in several posters, despite its widespread use in various publications.
Mike Tyson vs. Frank Bruno
In a highly anticipated fight, Mike Tyson faced Frank Bruno in 1989. The first round saw both fighters exchange blows, with Tyson knocking down Bruno early. Bruno continued to fight aggressively but had a point-cut for unfair holding. In a surprising moment, Bruno delivered a left hook-right hand combo that knocked Tyson down for the first bout in his career. Tyson secured victory with less than 10 seconds left in the round, delivering powerful combinations that prompted the referee to stop the fight, declaring Tyson the winner by technical knockout.
First Australian Open title
Ivan Lendl set an outstanding record by reaching 10 straight Grand Slam singles semifinals between the 1985 US Open and the 1988 Australian Open. In 1989, he started the year with a triumph at the Australian Open, securing his first title by defeating Miloslav Mečíř in a straight sets final.
Throughout the year, Lendl demonstrated exceptional performance, winning 10 victories out of the 17 tournaments he entered. Despite his success, he continued to chase the elusive Wimbledon title, facing defeats in the finals in 1986 and 1987 and falling short in the semi-finals in 1988 and 1989. However, Wimbledon remained a challenge, and he succumbed to eventual champion Stefan Edberg in the semi-finals.
Liverpool FA cup
In the 1989 FA Cup final, Liverpool faced Everton in a Merseyside derby at Wembley Stadium. Liverpool emerged victorious with a 3–2 win after extra time. The final, played just five weeks after the recent Hillsborough tragedy, became a powerful symbol of unity and remembrance.
Illustrations based on the page
